Battery comparison from the weakness database

The riskiest batteries: recalls and documented issues by model

Not every battery ages the same, and some model generations had recalls for short-circuit or fire risk. This list ranks the 280 of 367 model generations with a battery recall or documented battery issues by risk. A recall is not a deal-breaker, but before buying you need proof that it was carried out.

#	Model	Type	Recall	Documented battery issues	Ageing	Cost risk
1	Audi A3 8Y 2020–2026 Recall: High-Voltage Battery Can Overheat (Fire Risk) · High-Voltage Battery Capacity Loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	critical
2	Audi A6 C9 2024–2026 Recall: PHEV Battery Overheating Risk During Charging · Timing chain stretch	PHEV	yes — fire risk	5	watch	critical
3	Ford F-150 14th Gen 2021–2024 HV Battery Electrode Misalignment — Recall + 80% Charge Limit · Consumer Reports Least Reliable — 3 Years Running	EV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	critical
4	Hyundai Ioniq AE 2016–2022 Recall: Battery software misses thermal instability · BMS state-of-health display inaccurate	EV	yes — fire risk	5	watch	critical
5	Hyundai Ioniq AE-FL 2019–2022 Recall: Battery software misses thermal instability · BMS state-of-health display inaccurate	EV	yes — fire risk	5	watch	critical
6	Seat Leon KL 2020–2026 Recall plug-in hybrid: High-voltage battery fire risk · HV coolant circuit loss PHEV	PHEV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	critical
7	VW ID.Buzz 1 2022–2026 Recall 93MU: high-voltage battery fire risk · Recall 93MF: high-voltage battery can overheat during fast charging, fire risk (KBA 17137R)	EV	yes — fire risk	5	watch	critical
8	VW up! 1 2011–2023 Recall High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk · Recall: Moisture in HV Battery — Fire Risk	EV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	critical
9	BMW i3 I01 2013–2022 Recall: Cell module electrode strip defect — fire risk · Recall: Faulty cell monitoring plugs — HV battery shutdown	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
10	Chrysler Pacifica RU 2017–2025 High-voltage battery fire risk (recall Z11/22V-077) · RECALL: HV Battery Fire Risk (2017-2018 Hybrid)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
11	Citroën C4 3 2020–2026 BMS software — recall due to loss of drive · Recall: high-voltage wiring harness fire risk (ë-C4)	EV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	watch
12	Ford Mustang Mach-E 1 2020–2024 Recall: HV Battery Main Contactors · HV Battery Main Contactors Overheat — Recall 2022	EV	yes — fire risk	7	unremarkable	critical
13	Hyundai Kona OS 2017–2023 High-voltage battery: fire risk from faulty cells (electric variant) · Recall 21V127/200: Kona Electric Battery Short Circuit — Fire Risk	EV	yes — fire risk	4	unremarkable	critical
14	Hyundai Kona OS-FL 2020–2023 High-voltage battery: fire risk from faulty cells (electric variant) · Recall 21V127/200: Kona Electric Battery Short Circuit — Fire Risk	EV	yes — fire risk	4	unremarkable	critical
15	Mercedes-Benz EQB X243 2021–2026 Farasis Battery Fire Risk — Joint Recall with the Sister Model · Recall: HV Battery Fire Risk	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
16	Mercedes-Benz EQC N293 2019–2023 Recall — HV Battery Housing Not Sealed, Fire Risk · Recall: HV battery inadequately sealed — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
17	Peugeot 308 P51 2021–2026 Recall: battery cell overheating with fire risk · Recall: charging cable overheating with fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	4	watch	watch
18	Porsche Taycan Y1A 2019–2025 Recall APB5: HV Battery Short-Circuit Fire Risk · Recall APB5: HV battery short circuit fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
19	VW ID.3 1-FL 2023–2026 Recall 93MU: high-voltage battery fire risk · Recall: Out-of-spec HV battery modules — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	critical
20	VW ID.4 1 2020–2026 Recall 93EA: high-voltage battery overheating and fire risk · Recall 93MF: high-voltage battery can overheat during fast charging, fire risk (KBA 17137R)	EV	yes — fire risk	4	unremarkable	critical
21	VW Multivan T7 2021–2026 Recall: HV Fuse Fire Risk · Recall: HV Fuse Defective — Arc Fire Risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	7	unremarkable	critical
22	Audi A6 C8 2018–2024 Recall 93AB/93AD — High-Voltage Battery Overheating · Recall 93AD — high-voltage battery overheating	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
23	Audi A7 4K 2018–2024 Recall 93AD — high-voltage battery overheating · Recall: 48V Battery Overheating During Charging	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
24	Audi A8 D5 2017–2024 Recall 93QQ — high-voltage battery fire risk · Recall: Fire Risk During Charging — PHEV Battery	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
25	Audi Q5 FY 2017–2024 Recall 93AB/93AD — High-Voltage Battery Overheating · Recall 93AD — high-voltage battery overheating	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
26	Audi Q8 4M 2018–2024 Recall 93QQ — High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk · Recall: Fire Risk When Charging — PHEV	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
27	Cupra Leon KL 2020–2024 Recall: Short-Circuit and Fire Risk in High-Voltage System · High-Voltage Battery Expensive and Without Capacity Guarantee	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
28	Ford Escape 4 2020–2024 Incorrect repair under recall 23V-380 (fire risk) · Recall: unexpected shift to neutral	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	critical	watch
29	Ford Tourneo Custom NXN 2023–2026 Incorrect repair under recall 23V-380 (fire risk) · Recall: unexpected shift to neutral	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	critical	critical
30	MINI MINI Countryman F60 2017–2024 Recall High-Voltage Battery Short-Circuit Risk · Recall: PHEV high-voltage battery fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
31	Renault ZOE 1 2012–2024 Recall: battery short circuit / fire risk (0DKQ) · Battery capacity loss with age	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	watch
32	Seat Mii KF 2011–2021 Recall: High-voltage battery fire risk (2021) · Traction battery capacity loss	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
33	Smart ForTwo 451 2007–2014 Recall: contact fault inside the high-voltage battery (KBA 9755) · DC/DC converter (charging electronics) failure	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	critical
34	Volvo S60 3 2018–2024 Recall: Battery module defects — fire when fully charged · Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect	PHEV	yes — fire risk	3	unremarkable	critical
35	Volvo V60 2 2018–2024 Recall: Battery module defects — fire when fully charged · Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect	PHEV	yes — fire risk	3	unremarkable	critical
36	VW Golf 7 2012–2017 Recall: Fire Hazard from Faulty HV Fuse · High-Voltage Battery Degradation	PHEV	yes — fire risk	3	unremarkable	critical
37	VW Golf 7-FL 2017–2020 Recall: Fire Hazard from Faulty HV Fuse · High-Voltage Battery Degradation	PHEV	yes — fire risk	3	unremarkable	critical
38	VW ID.3 1 2020–2023 Recall 93MU: high-voltage battery fire risk · Recall: Out-of-spec HV battery modules — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	3	unremarkable	critical
39	Audi Q7 4M 2015–2026 Recall 93QQ — High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk · Recall: HV battery cell modules overheat while charging	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
40	BMW i4 G26 2021–2026 Recall: software algorithm shuts down high-voltage system · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	2	unremarkable	critical
41	BMW i5 G60 2023–2026 Recall: software algorithm shuts down high-voltage system · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
42	BMW i7 G70 2022–2026 Recall: software algorithm shuts down high-voltage system · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	unremarkable
43	BMW X5 G05 2018–2026 Recall: Cell short circuit when fully charged — fire risk · Recall: Short circuit between two cells — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
44	Cupra Formentor 1 2020–2024 Recall: Short-Circuit and Fire Risk in High-Voltage System · Recall PHEV 2020–2022 — Fire Risk from Short Circuit	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
45	Fiat Ulysse 507 2022–2026 Recall: faulty high-voltage cable raises fire risk (2022) · BMS software: drive loss while driving	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	no data
46	Ford Kuga 3 2019–2024 Recall 2020: High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk (Samsung SDI Contamination) · Recall 24S79 (2024): Internal Short Circuit High-Voltage Battery	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	critical	watch
47	Jeep Compass MP 2017–2024 Recall: defect in the hybrid traction battery can cause overheating and fire · High-voltage battery failure (documented early)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
48	Jeep Wrangler JL 2018–2026 Recall: HV battery fire risk — 32,125 Wrangler 4xe · Recall 4xe PHEV: High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
49	Land Rover Defender L663 2019–2026 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	critical
50	MINI MINI Countryman U25 2024–2028 Recall: HV battery fire risk · HV battery capacity loss (PHEV)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
51	Opel Ampera Ampera 2012–2015 Recall: Fire risk from defective high-voltage battery at full charge capacity · HV battery shows zero range despite remaining charge	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
52	Peugeot 3008 P84 2016–2023 Recall: battery cell overheating with fire risk · Recall: charging cable overheating with fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
53	Peugeot 408 E3 2022–2026 Recall: battery cell overheating with fire risk · Recall: charging cable overheating with fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
54	Peugeot 508 R8 2018–2026 Recall: battery cell overheating with fire risk · Recall: charging cable overheating with fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
55	Peugeot Traveller 1 2016–2026 Recall series: wiring harnesses, fire risk and software errors (2016–2026) · Recall: e-Traveller high-voltage wiring harness out of specification	EV	yes — fire risk	3	watch	no data
56	Skoda Enyaq iV 2021–2025 HV battery service measure (LG Chem cells) · HV battery cell fault (service action 93P7)	EV	yes — fire risk	2	unremarkable	critical
57	Smart ForFour 453 2014–2022 Recall: contact fault inside the high-voltage battery (KBA 9755) · DC/DC converter (charging electronics) failure	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
58	Smart ForTwo 453 2014–2022 Recall: contact fault inside the high-voltage battery (KBA 9755) · Recall: Faulty HV battery contacts — engine failure	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
59	VW Arteon 1 2017–2026 Recall: HV Battery Fuse Fire Risk · HV Battery Capacity Loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	unremarkable	critical
60	VW Touareg 2 2010–2018 High-voltage battery fire risk — KBA recall · Recall: Water can collect in the spare wheel well…	Full hybrid	yes — fire risk	2	watch	watch
61	Audi e-tron GE 2018–2025 Recall: Moisture Ingress into HV Battery (Fire Risk) · Recall: Voltage Losses in Battery Cell Modules (LG E61V)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
62	Audi e-tron GT J1 2021–2024 Recall: Short Circuit in Battery Modules (J1 Platform) · Recall: Inadequate sealing of the HV battery may allow moisture to enter…	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	no data
63	Audi RS e-tron GT J1 2021–2024 Recall: short circuit in battery modules · Recall: Inadequate sealing of the HV battery may allow moisture to enter…	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	unremarkable
64	Chevrolet Bolt EV 1 2017–2023 Recall: LG battery fire risk (NHTSA 21V650000) · High-voltage battery replacement is very costly out of warranty	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
65	Citroën C4 X 1 2023–2026 BMS software — recall due to loss of drive · High-voltage battery — capacity loss and SoH issues	EV	yes	4	watch	critical
66	Citroën C5 Aircross 1 2018–2026 Recall: High-voltage battery overheating fire risk · Recall: traction battery PHEV fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
67	Citroën C5 X 1 2022–2026 Recall: High-voltage battery overheating fire risk · Recall PHEV: high-voltage battery fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
68	Cupra Born 1 2021–2024 High-voltage battery fire risk recall (93S4) · Recall: Out-of-spec HV battery modules — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
69	Cupra Born 1-FL 2024–2026 Recall: A defective module was installed in the high-voltage battery… · Heat Exchanger Failure in First Year of Operation	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	unremarkable
70	Fiat 500e 332 2020–2026 Recall battery cell contamination · Recall: Contaminated HV battery cells — vehicle fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
71	Jeep Grand Cherokee WL 2022–2026 Recall: HV battery fire risk — Grand Cherokee 4xe · Recall: Internal cell damage in the HV battery may cause a vehicle fire	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	critical
72	Jeep Renegade BU 2015–2023 Recall: defect in the hybrid traction battery can cause overheating and fire · High-voltage battery failure (documented early)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
73	Kia Niro SG2 2022–2024 Recall: Worn HV battery service plug contacts — overheating · AC charging fails (onboard charger/ICCU)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
74	Kia Soul PS 2014–2019 High-voltage battery fire risk, BMS recall · Recall Soul EV: high-voltage battery short circuit (SC267, 23V-218)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
75	Kia Soul SK3 2019–2024 High-voltage battery fire risk, BMS recall · Recall e-Soul: high-voltage battery — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
76	Land Rover Range Rover Velar L560 2017–2026 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	unremarkable
77	Lincoln Aviator CD6 2020–2025 Recall 23V-626: PHEV High-Voltage Battery Fire Risk · PHEV: Sudden Power Loss / Stop Safely Now (DTC P1A0C)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
78	Lincoln Corsair C520 2020–2025 Incorrect repair under recall 23V-380 (fire risk) · Recall: unexpected shift to neutral	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	watch
79	Mercedes-Benz C-Klasse W206 2021–2025 Recall HV Starter Generator — Software Fault · C300e plug-in hybrid fire risk (recall)	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
80	Mercedes-Benz EQA H243 2021–2026 Farasis Battery Fire Risk (Recall 16136R) · Recall: HV Battery Fire Risk (Farasis)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	critical
81	VW ID.7 1 2023–2026 Recall 93MU: high-voltage battery fire risk · Recall 93MF: high-voltage battery can overheat during fast charging, fire risk (KBA 17137R)	EV	yes — fire risk	2	watch	unremarkable
82	BMW i8 I12 2014–2020 Recall: Short circuit between two cells — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	watch
83	BMW iX3 G08 2020–2022 Recall: software algorithm shuts down high-voltage system · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	critical
84	BMW X1 F48 2015–2022 Recall: PHEV High-Voltage Battery Short-Circuit Risk · Recall: Short circuit between two cells — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	watch
85	BMW X1 U11 2022–2026 Recall: Cell module assembly — frame fracture, HV failure	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	watch
86	Citroën SpaceTourer 1 2016–2026 BMS software — recall due to loss of drive · Recall series: wiring harnesses, fire risk and software errors (2016–2026)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	watch
87	Ford Ranger 4 2024–2026 Recall: high-voltage battery brackets can break — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	critical	no data
88	Ford Tourneo Custom FAC 2012–2023 Recall: faulty high-voltage battery cell connectors · Recall: electric motor mount failure causes loss of propulsion	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	critical	no data
89	Land Rover Range Rover L405 2012–2021 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	unremarkable
90	Land Rover Range Rover L460 2021–2026 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	unremarkable
91	Land Rover Range Rover Sport L461 2022–2026 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	unremarkable
92	Land Rover Range Rover Sport L494 2013–2022 Recall N908: oil filter housing — fire risk · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	watch	unremarkable
93	Mercedes-Benz EQE V295 2022–2026 Recall: faulty 80A high-voltage fuse box · Recall: Software fault in HV system	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	critical
94	MINI MINI F56 2014–2024 Recall: high-voltage battery moisture ingress / fire risk · Recall: moisture ingress into the HV battery — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	watch
95	Opel Zafira Life 1 2019–2026 Recall: E-Zafira high-voltage wiring harness out of spec · Onboard charger: AC charging aborts (Zafira-e Life)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	watch
96	Renault 5 E-Tech 1 2024–2026 Recall: battery anode defect / fire risk (0F49) · Recall: traction-battery fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	critical
97	Smart ForFour 453-FL 2020–2024 Recall: contact fault inside the high-voltage battery (KBA 9755) · DC/DC converter (charging electronics) failure	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	watch
98	Smart ForTwo 453-FL 2020–2024 Recall: contact fault inside the high-voltage battery (KBA 9755) · DC/DC converter (charging electronics) failure	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	watch
99	Audi SQ6 e-tron J3 2024–2026 Recall: Inadequate sealing of the HV battery may allow moisture to enter… · Recall: HV battery cell voltage loss — thermal overload	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
100	BMW iX I20 2021–2026 Recall: incorrectly manufactured Combined Charging Unit (CCU) · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
101	BMW iX1 U11 2022–2026 Recall: software algorithm shuts down high-voltage system · Recall: manufacturing defect in HV battery cells (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
102	BMW X2 F39 2018–2023 Recall: Short circuit between two cells — fire risk · Recall: Cell module electrode strip defect — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	no data
103	BMW X3 G01 2017–2026 Recall: Short circuit between two cells — fire risk · Recall: Cell module electrode strip defect — fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	no data
104	Honda Civic FL 2021–2024 Recall: Loss of drive, fire risk · Battery Terminal Corrosion on Lithium-Ion Battery	Full hybrid	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	no data
105	Kia EV9 MV 2023–2024 Recall: ICCU failure leads to loss of drive (EV6) · ICCU failure, loss of drive power (recall)	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	no data
106	Mercedes-Benz A-Klasse W177 2018–2025 Recall: HV battery housing seal — moisture ingress, fire risk · Starter Battery — Common Breakdown Cause	PHEV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
107	Mercedes-Benz C-Klasse W205 2014–2021 Recall: Defective HV battery bolt joint — injury in a crash · Recall: Defective on-board HV battery charger prevents external charging…	PHEV	yes	4	unremarkable	watch
108	Opel Grandland X X 2017–2024 Recall: PHEV battery bracket — fire risk · Recall: Drive battery cell defects — overheating and fire	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	watch	no data
109	Skoda Elroq iV 2024–2025 HV battery service measure (LG Chem cells) · On-board charger defective / loud bang when charging	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	no data
110	Tesla Model 3 Phase 1 2017–2023 Recall: pyrotechnic battery disconnect defective (2023) · Battery capacity degradation over time	EV	yes	3	unremarkable	critical
111	Toyota RAV4 XA50 2019–2025 Recall: Faulty software logic causes the HV battery power limit to be exceeded… · Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection	PHEV	yes	3	watch	watch
112	Volvo EX90 1 2023–2026 Recall: HV battery module short-circuit/fire risk · Central computer stays on, high standby drain	EV	yes — fire risk	1	unremarkable	no data
113	Dacia Spring 1 2021–2026 Recall: HV cable clamp · Battery degradation	EV	yes	2	watch	watch
114	Ford Puma 2 2019–2026 Recall: loose battery terminal clamp (MHEV, 2019–2020) · 48V Hybrid Battery Recall (Terminals)	EV	yes	3	watch	unremarkable
115	Mazda CX-90 TY 2023–2025 Recall: unexpected engine shutdown · Recall: Transmission Software Shift Logic	PHEV	yes	2	watch	watch
116	Mercedes-Benz B-Klasse W247 2018–2025 Recall: HV battery housing seal — moisture ingress, fire risk	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
117	MINI MINI Aceman J05 2024–2028 Recall: HV battery fire risk · Recall: Defective HV battery cell modules — fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
118	MINI MINI F66 2024–2028 Recall: HV battery fire risk · Recall: faulty HV battery cell modules can cause a short circuit	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
119	Peugeot 2008 P24 2019–2026 BMS software: drive loss while driving · Battery degradation — SOH drops to 93–95% after 30,000 km	EV	—	4	watch	critical
120	Peugeot 3008 P34 2023–2026 Battery cooling — BYD cells degrade during fast charging · BYD Blade battery capacity loss during fast charging	PHEV	—	5	watch	critical
121	Peugeot 5008 P37 2024–2026 Battery cooling — BYD cells degrade during fast charging · BYD Blade battery capacity loss during fast charging	PHEV	—	5	watch	critical
122	Porsche Panamera 970 2009–2016 Hybrid battery capacity loss · High-voltage hybrid battery defective	PHEV	—	4	watch	critical
123	Porsche Panamera 971 2016–2024 Hybrid charging electronics faults · High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	—	6	watch	critical
124	Renault 4 E-Tech 1 2025–2026 Recall: battery cell anode delamination (fire risk)	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
125	Suzuki Across 1 2020–2025 Recall: Software logic exceeds HV battery power limit · Unwanted engine start — battery protection mode	PHEV	yes	2	watch	watch
126	Volvo EX30 1 2023–2026 Recall 2026: battery fire risk (SM Extended Range) · Recall 26V001: HV battery fire risk	EV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
127	VW ID.5 1 2021–2026 HV battery cell drift and module failure · On-board charger (AC charger) failed	EV	—	4	watch	critical
128	VW Touareg 3 2018–2026 Recall 93QQ — HV Battery Fire Risk · Recall: HV battery cell modules overheat while charging	PHEV	yes — fire risk	0	unremarkable	no data
129	BMW XM G09 2022–2026 48V mild hybrid system early failures · HV battery capacity loss (14.8 kWh)	PHEV	—	3	watch	critical
130	Hyundai Ioniq 5 N NE N 2024–2025 High-voltage battery module failure — charging limited · ICCU Failure — Charging Unit Dies Without Warning	EV	—	3	watch	critical
131	Hyundai Kona SX2 2023–2026 Recall: ICCU control unit failure (charging loss) · Hybrid drivetrain system failure	EV	yes	2	watch	unremarkable
132	Kia EV6 CV 2021–2024 Recall SC302/SC327: ICCU defect causes vehicle standstill · Recall: ICCU failure leads to loss of drive (EV6)	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	critical
133	Kia Optima JF 2015–2020 Recall: HV battery overvoltage protection (VPD→OPD) — loss of drive · High-voltage battery: capacity loss / cell failure (P0DE7)	PHEV	yes	1	watch	watch
134	Land Rover Range Rover Evoque L551 2019–2026 High-voltage battery capacity loss · RSG and 48-volt network (MHEV): faults	PHEV	—	3	watch	critical
135	Lexus RZ EBM10 2023–2026 Recall: HV battery control unit fault causes loss of drive power · Below-average range on the early all-wheel-drive version	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	critical
136	Mazda CX-70 TY 2024–2025 Recall: unexpected engine shutdown · Recall: Transmission Software Shift Logic	PHEV	yes	1	watch	watch
137	Mercedes-Benz E-Klasse W213 2016–2023 48V ISG Battery Failure · 48V Lithium Battery Degraded	PHEV	—	5	unremarkable	critical
138	Mercedes-Benz GLC X254 2022–2025 Recall HV Starter Generator — Software Fault · HV Battery — Insulation Resistance Out of Tolerance	PHEV	yes	1	unremarkable	critical
139	Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse W222 2013–2020 Recall: Defective on-board HV battery charger prevents external charging… · 48V ISG Battery Failure	Full hybrid	yes	1	unremarkable	critical
140	Mercedes-Benz Vito W447 2014–2026 Stuck HV contactor forces full battery replacement · DC fast charging aborts seconds after starting	EV	—	3	watch	critical
141	Mitsubishi i-MiEV HA 2009–2020 Battery degradation (capacity loss) · On-board charger failure	EV	—	4	watch	watch
142	Nissan Leaf ZE0 2010–2017 Accelerated battery degradation (no active cooling) · Battery degradation without active cooling	EV	—	3	watch	critical
143	Porsche Cayenne 92A 2010–2017 Hybrid battery capacity loss · High-voltage hybrid battery defective	PHEV	—	3	watch	critical
144	Tesla Model 3 Highland 2024–2025 Battery capacity degradation over time · NMC battery capacity degradation	EV	—	3	watch	critical
145	Toyota Prius XW30 2009–2015 Hybrid system fault (P314a) · High-Voltage Battery: Capacity Loss on 2010–2011 Models	Full hybrid	—	4	watch	watch
146	Toyota RAV4 XA40 2013–2018 Recall: Faulty software logic causes the HV battery power limit to be exceeded… · Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection	Full hybrid	yes	2	watch	unremarkable
147	Volvo C40 1 2021–2024 BECM/BDU hardware failure ('Propulsion System Service Required') · Onboard charger / charging problems	EV	—	3	watch	critical
148	VW Passat B8 2014–2019 High-Voltage Battery Capacity Loss · High-Voltage Battery Heat Exchanger Faulty	PHEV	—	5	unremarkable	critical
149	VW Passat B8-FL 2019–2024 HV coolant circuit coolant loss (PHEV) · Hybrid ECU error	PHEV	—	7	unremarkable	critical
150	Alfa Romeo Tonale 965 2022–2024 48V mild hybrid battery — limited long-term data · PHEV Battery Degradation — Little Data Yet	PHEV	—	3	watch	watch
151	BMW M5 G90 2024–2026 48V mild hybrid system early failures · HV battery capacity loss (14.8 kWh)	PHEV	—	2	watch	critical
152	Citroën Berlingo 3 2018–2026 BMS software — recall due to loss of drive · High-voltage battery — capacity loss and SoH issues	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	watch
153	Citroën C-Zero 1 2010–2020 High-voltage battery degradation · On-board charger failure	EV	—	2	watch	critical
154	Cupra Formentor 1-FL 2024–2026 48V Lithium-Ion Battery — Capacity Loss and Failure · High-Voltage Battery Without Capacity Guarantee (new generation)	PHEV	—	2	watch	critical
155	Cupra Leon KL-FL 2024–2026 48V Lithium-Ion Battery — Capacity Loss and Failure · High-Voltage Battery Without Capacity Guarantee (new generation)	PHEV	—	2	watch	critical
156	Cupra Terramar 1 2024–2026 48V Lithium-Ion Battery — Capacity Loss and Failure · High-Voltage Battery Without Capacity Guarantee (new generation)	PHEV	—	2	watch	critical
157	Ford C-Max DXA 2010–2019 High-Voltage Battery Capacity Loss · Hybrid Battery Degradation and Failure	PHEV	—	3	critical	unremarkable
158	Genesis G80 RG3 2021–2025 ICCU failure — recall (loss of drive power) · ICCU failure outside warranty/recall	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	watch
159	Genesis GV70 JK1 2022–2025 ICCU failure — recall (loss of drive power) · ICCU failure outside warranty/recall	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	watch
160	Mazda CX-80 KH 2024–2025 Recall: unexpected engine shutdown · Recall: Transmission Software Shift Logic	PHEV	yes	1	watch	unremarkable
161	Mercedes-Benz EQS V297 2021–2026 BMS Software Recall — Drive Deactivates Itself · Recall: BMS fails to report errors	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	critical
162	Mercedes-Benz EQV W447 2020–2026 Stuck HV contactor forces full battery replacement · DC fast charging aborts seconds after starting	EV	—	2	watch	critical
163	Mercedes-Benz GLC X253 2015–2022 Recall: Defective on-board HV battery charger prevents external charging…	PHEV	yes	0	unremarkable	critical
164	Mercedes-Benz GLE V167 2019–2025 48V ISG Battery Failure · 48V Lithium Battery Degraded	PHEV	—	4	unremarkable	watch
165	Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross GK-FL 2021–2024 PHEV battery range loss	PHEV	—	1	critical	critical
166	Mitsubishi Outlander 3 2012–2021 PHEV: high-voltage battery degradation due to software fault	PHEV	—	1	critical	critical
167	Nissan Leaf ZE1 2017–2024 Accelerated battery degradation (no active cooling) · Battery degradation 30 kWh faster than 40 kWh	EV	—	2	watch	critical
168	Peugeot 208 P21 2019–2026 BMS software: drive loss while driving · Battery degradation — SOH drops to 93–95% after 30,000 km	EV	—	4	unremarkable	watch
169	Renault Captur 2 2019–2024 Hybrid Battery Capacity Loss (Long-Term) · EV Mode Reduced in Cold Weather (System-Inherent)	PHEV	—	3	watch	watch
170	Renault Fluence 1 2009–2016 Battery Capacity Loss — Dramatic · Battery Replacement: High Costs, Limited Availability	EV	—	3	watch	watch
171	Rivian R1T Gen1 2021–2024 Sudden power loss high-voltage distribution · HV coolant heater and battery thermal fault	EV	—	2	watch	critical
172	Skoda Octavia NX 2020–2025 HV battery cell fault (service action 93P7) · HV battery replacement cost after warranty	PHEV	—	2	watch	critical
173	Tesla Model X Phase 1 2015–2020 Onboard charger fails · DC-DC converter fails	EV	—	2	watch	critical
174	Toyota Prius XW50 2016–2023 Hybrid system fault (P314a) · High-Voltage Battery: Individual Cell Failure After 8+ Years	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	watch
175	Volvo EC40 1 2024–2026 BECM/BDU hardware failure ('Propulsion System Service Required') · Onboard charger / charging problems	EV	—	2	watch	critical
176	Volvo EX40 1 2024–2026 BECM/BDU hardware failure ('Propulsion System Service Required') · Onboard charger / charging problems	EV	—	2	watch	critical
177	Volvo S90 2 2016–2024 Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect · High-voltage battery degrades faster than expected	PHEV	—	4	unremarkable	watch
178	Volvo V90 2 2016–2024 Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect · High-voltage battery degrades faster than expected	PHEV	—	4	unremarkable	watch
179	Volvo XC60 2 2017–2024 Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect · High-voltage battery degrades faster than expected	PHEV	—	4	unremarkable	watch
180	VW Golf 8 2020–2026 HV coolant circuit coolant loss (PHEV) · Hybrid ECU error	PHEV	—	5	unremarkable	watch
181	BMW 5er G30 2017–2023 Rapid battery drain (EfficientDynamics + turbo afterrun cooling) · Battery Drain — Afterrun Pumps Need Power	PHEV	—	2	watch	watch
182	BMW 5er G60 2023–2026 48V Mild Hybrid System Degradation · Recall: HV battery cell contact fault	PHEV	—	2	watch	watch
183	Chevrolet Malibu IX 2016–2024 HV battery cooling fan failure (P0BC9) · HV battery degradation (75–100k mi)	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
184	Ford Mondeo CD391 2014–2022 Hybrid Battery Degradation · HV Battery Capacity Loss	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	watch
185	Hyundai Inster AK3 2024–2026 BMS cell drift in LFP battery pack · Battery management and AC charging logic software update required	EV	—	3	watch	unremarkable
186	Jeep Avenger FH1 2023–2026 Recall: missing type plate on the high-voltage battery · "Electric drive fault" warning forces the car to stop	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
187	Lucid Air Gen1 2022–2025 Recall: loss of drive from high-voltage interlock fault · Recall: high-voltage coolant heater failure (defrost)	EV	yes	1	unremarkable	no data
188	Mazda CX-60 KH 2022–2024 Recall: unexpected engine shutdown · Recall: Transmission Software Shift Logic	PHEV	yes	0	watch	no data
189	Peugeot 3008 T84 2009–2016 Hybrid high-voltage battery capacity loss · Starter-generator bearing failure (Bosch SMG 138/80)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	watch
190	Peugeot 508 W2 2010–2018 Hybrid high-voltage battery capacity loss · Starter-generator bearing failure (Bosch SMG 138/80)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	watch
191	Renault Clio 5 2019–2025 Hybrid Battery Capacity Loss (Long-Term) · EV Mode Reduced in Cold Weather (System-Inherent)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	watch
192	Renault Kangoo 2 2008–2021 Noticeable capacity loss in daily use · Heating drastically cuts range	EV	—	2	watch	watch
193	Renault Rafale RHN 2024–2026 Service campaign to reflash the battery management software · Single-phase-only charging and inconsistent current detection	PHEV	—	2	watch	watch
194	Seat Tarraco KN 2018–2026 HV coolant circuit loss PHEV · Hybrid control unit fault e-Hybrid	PHEV	—	2	watch	watch
195	Skoda Kodiaq NS-II 2024–2026 High-Voltage Battery Without Capacity Guarantee (new generation)	PHEV	—	1	watch	critical
196	Suzuki S-Cross 2 2022–2025 48 V Start Failures — Mild Hybrid · SHVS hybrid battery control fault	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
197	Suzuki Vitara LY-FL 2018–2025 48 V Start Failures — Mild Hybrid · SHVS hybrid battery control fault	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
198	Suzuki Vitara LY-FL2 2024–2025 48 V Start Failures — Mild Hybrid · SHVS hybrid battery control fault	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
199	Tesla Model Y Phase 1 2020–2024 NMC battery degradation · Battery cooling system leak	EV	—	2	unremarkable	critical
200	Toyota Prius XW20 2003–2009 HV-Batterie-Degradation (NiMH) · Inverter Failure in Hybrid Drive	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
201	Toyota Sienna XL40 2021–2025 Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection · Hybrid system failure warning	Full hybrid	—	3	watch	unremarkable
202	Volvo XC40 1 2017–2024 BECM/BDU hardware failure ('Propulsion System Service Required') · Onboard charger / charging problems	PHEV	—	5	unremarkable	unremarkable
203	Volvo XC90 2 2015–2024 Recall: Battery fire risk from LG manufacturing defect · High-voltage battery degrades faster than expected	PHEV	—	3	unremarkable	watch
204	Alfa Romeo Junior 966 2024–2026 Recall: lane-keeping assist deactivates in bends	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
205	Audi Q4 FZ 2021–2026 Air bubbles in the HV cooling system	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
206	BMW 2er Active Tourer U06 2022–2026 HV cooling fan runs continuously (225e) · PHEV range drops drastically in winter	PHEV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
207	BMW 2er U06 2022–2025 HV cooling fan runs continuously (225e) · PHEV range drops drastically in winter	PHEV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
208	BMW 7er G11 2015–2022 Rapid battery drain (EfficientDynamics + turbo afterrun cooling) · Battery Drain — Afterrun Pumps Need Power	PHEV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
209	Citroën ë-C3 1 2024–2026 Range — display overestimates real-world range · Short battery life under short-trip use	EV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
210	Ford Escape 2 2008–2012 NiMH High-Voltage Battery Pack Degradation · Hybrid Electronics Cooling Pump Failure	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
211	Ford Explorer 6 2019–2024 Hybrid battery degradation	PHEV	—	1	critical	unremarkable
212	Ford Galaxy 3 2015–2023 Hybrid Battery Degradation · Start-stop (AGM) battery fails early	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
213	Ford S-Max 2 2015–2023 Hybrid Battery Degradation · Battery drain / start-stop inoperative	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
214	Honda Accord XI 2023–2026 Recall: hybrid ICM software — loss of drive power	Full hybrid	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
215	Hyundai Ioniq 5 NE 2021–2026 Recall: ICCU control unit failure (charging loss) · Recall: charging problems and drive shafts	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
216	Hyundai Ioniq 5 NE-FL 2024–2026 Recall: ICCU control unit failure (charging loss) · Recall: charging problems and drive shafts	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
217	Hyundai Ioniq 6 CE 2022–2026 Recall: ICCU control unit failure (charging loss)	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
218	Hyundai Santa Fe TM-FL 2020–2023 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
219	Hyundai Tucson NX4 2020–2026 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
220	Kia Ceed CD 2018–2024 Turbocharger wear from oil starvation	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
221	Kia Sportage NQ5 2021–2024 48V mild hybrid system fault	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
222	Kia XCeed CD 2019–2024 Turbocharger wear from oil starvation	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
223	Lexus LBX AYH10 2024–2026 Early traction battery fault warning · Clogged hybrid battery cooling air filter	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
224	Mazda MX-30 DR 2020–2024 Severe range loss in winter	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
225	Opel Corsa F 2019–2026 Battery degradation Corsa-e	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
226	Renault Arkana 1 2021–2025 Hybrid Battery Capacity Loss (Long-Term) · EV Mode Reduced in Cold Weather (System-Inherent)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
227	Renault Captur 2-FL 2024–2026 Hybrid Battery Capacity Loss (Long-Term) · EV Mode Reduced in Cold Weather (System-Inherent)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
228	Renault Megane 4 2016–2023 Plug-In Battery Capacity Loss	PHEV	—	1	watch	watch
229	Renault Symbioz RJB 2024–2026 Hybrid Battery Capacity Loss (Long-Term) · EV Mode Reduced in Cold Weather (System-Inherent)	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
230	Rivian R1S Gen1 2022–2024 Sudden power loss high-voltage distribution · HV coolant heater and battery thermal fault	EV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
231	Rivian R1S Gen2 2025–2025 Recall: high-voltage distribution box ground strap (drive power loss)	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
232	Rivian R1T Gen2 2025–2025 Recall: high-voltage distribution box ground strap (drive power loss)	EV	yes	0	unremarkable	no data
233	Skoda Citigo AA 2011–2020 HV battery service action 93P7 (MY2021)	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
234	Smart #5 HX51 2025–2026 Increased HV battery standby drain in cold weather · Key fob battery drains unusually fast	EV	—	2	watch	unremarkable
235	Tesla Model S Phase 1 2013–2020 Battery management software throttled charging voltage on 85 kWh packs	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
236	Tesla Model X Palladium 2021–2026 DC-DC converter fails	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
237	Tesla Model Y Juniper 2025–2025 NMC battery degradation	EV	—	1	unremarkable	critical
238	Toyota Camry XV70 2019–2025 Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection · Hybrid battery sensitive to moisture	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
239	Toyota Corolla E210 2019–2025 Hybrid system fault (P314a) · Starter battery failing prematurely	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
240	Toyota Highlander XU70 2021–2025 Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection · Hybrid Battery Ages During Inactivity and Heat	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
241	Toyota Proace City Verso K9 2020–2026 BMS software: drive loss while driving · Battery degradation — SOH drops to 93–95% after 30,000 km	EV	—	2	watch	no data
242	Toyota Proace Verso 1 2016–2026 BMS software: drive loss while driving · Battery degradation — SOH drops to 93–95% after 30,000 km	EV	—	2	watch	no data
243	Toyota Yaris XP130 2011–2020 HV-Batterie-Degradation (NiMH) · Starter battery fails prematurely	Full hybrid	—	2	watch	unremarkable
244	Citroën DS5 1 2011–2018 Hybrid4: traction battery degradation	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	watch
245	Honda e ZC7 2020–2024 HV battery: SoH drops early to around 83–84 %, BMS reset distorts the reading	EV	—	1	unremarkable	watch
246	Hyundai Santa Fe MX5 2024–2025 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
247	Hyundai Santa Fe TM 2018–2023 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
248	Hyundai Tucson NX4-FL 2024–2026 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
249	Land Rover Discovery Sport L550 2014–2026 High-voltage battery capacity loss	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
250	MG HS AS23 2021–2024 Hybrid drivetrain failure with limp-home mode	PHEV	—	1	watch	no data
251	Nissan Ariya FE0 2022–2025 Accelerated battery degradation (no active cooling)	EV	—	1	unremarkable	watch
252	Nissan NV200 M20 2009–2025 Accelerated battery degradation (no active cooling)	EV	—	1	unremarkable	watch
253	Porsche Cayenne 9YA 2018–2024 Electronics failures on E-Hybrid models	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
254	Renault Kangoo 3 2021–2026 Only 11 kW AC charging as standard	EV	—	1	unremarkable	watch
255	Toyota C-HR AX50 2024–2025 Inaccurate fuel gauge	PHEV	—	1	watch	unremarkable
256	Toyota Camry XV50 2012–2017 High-voltage battery degradation	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	watch
257	Audi Q6 J3 2024–2026 High-voltage battery requires software monitoring	EV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
258	Citroën C3 Aircross 2 2024–2026 Range — display overestimates real-world range	EV	—	1	unremarkable	no data
259	Ford Maverick 1 2022–2025 Reduced EV Range in Cold Weather (Normal Behavior)	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
260	Hyundai Ioniq 6 N CE N 2026–2027 ICCU Failure (Integrated Charging Control Unit)	EV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
261	Hyundai Staria US4 2021–2026 Hybrid drivetrain system failure	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
262	Kia EV3 SV1 2024–2026 ICCU failure causes charging to stop	EV	—	1	unremarkable	no data
263	Kia EV4 CT1 2025–2026 ICCU failure causes charging to stop	EV	—	1	unremarkable	no data
264	Lexus LC URZ100 2017–2026 Battery drain during extended parking	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
265	Lexus RX AL10 2010–2015 Premature Battery Drain	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
266	Mazda CX-6e 1 2026–2026 Battery preconditioning barely reacts in cold weather	EV	—	1	unremarkable	no data
267	Mercedes-Benz CLA C118 2019–2025 Starter battery failures	PHEV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
268	Mercedes-Benz CLE C236 2023–2026 48V ISG Battery Failure	PHEV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
269	Mercedes-Benz E-Klasse W214 2023–2025 48V ISG Battery Failure	PHEV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
270	Mercedes-Benz EQT W420 2023–2026 DC fast charging not standard across all trim lines	EV	—	1	unremarkable	no data
271	Mercedes-Benz GLE Coupé C167 2020–2026 48V ISG Battery Failure	PHEV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
272	MG Marvel R EP21 2021–2025 DC charging power drops after software updates	EV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
273	Suzuki Swace 1 2020–2025 Hybrid battery aging and module imbalance	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
274	Toyota Auris E180 2012–2019 Hybrid system fault (P314a)	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
275	Toyota Avalon XX40 2013–2018 High-voltage battery degradation	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
276	Toyota Avalon XX50 2019–2022 Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
277	Toyota C-HR AX10 2016–2023 Hybrid system fault (P314a)	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
278	Toyota Venza XU80 2021–2024 Hybrid Battery: Moisture and Heat Protection	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
279	Toyota Yaris XP210 2020–2025 Starter battery drains during periods of standing	Full hybrid	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable
280	VW Tiguan 3 2024–2026 48V battery and belt starter-generator wear	PHEV	—	1	unremarkable	unremarkable

Where the numbers come from

Recalls come from the KBA and NHTSA databases with reference numbers. Documented issues are individually researched weaknesses with at least two independent sources. The ageing rating uses measured fleet data where available, otherwise the ADAC study on PHEV ageing by make; the cost risk is derived from the documented new-part price. The order follows recall, fire risk, number of issues and both ratings.

Every row links to the model page with its sources. We take no manufacturer promises and estimate nothing: if a verified value is missing, the row is missing. Methodology →

Data as of 2026-11-05. The list is regenerated with every database update.